Impacts of industrialization, renewable energy and urbanization on the global ecological footprint: A quantile regression approach

Debates on how growth and urbanization affect the environment have been intense, but they lack global perspective. Therefore, this research examined those relationships, to a greater extent other forms of environmental degradation, such as foreign direct investment (FDI). It also explored relationships between industrialization technologies. The results, using Westerlund cointegration quantile regressions over period 1995–2017, show regional heterogeneities in transmissions economic development, industrialization, renewable energy, FDI. results that development generates more degradation all quantiles at level, whereas energy reduce quantiles, with highest effect being upper quantiles. On hand, affects lower negatively significantly positively. Finally, empirical analysis supports paradise haven or pollution halo hypothesis (PHH) for 40th, 50th, 60th 80th This suggests FDI inflows detrimental host country these among objectives policies are give priority sustainable processes, which contribute reducing furthermore reinforce strict laws build processes countries.